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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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071789
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07178900.008
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1990-09-17
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HEALTH, Page 71Panic over Power LinesAre the waves from electrical wires and appliances harmful?
Like the Land of Oz, technology has good and bad witches. The
bomb is a bad witch, microsurgery a good one. Not so long ago,
electricity was firmly in the benign category. After all, it
delivers energy with great reliability and little expense. So
essential has electricity become that more than 2 million miles of
power lines, literally huge extension cords, criss-cross the U.S.
But nowadays many Americans are increasingly fearful that the
electric and magnetic fields generated by such overhead cables pose
a serious threat to human health, causing everything from learning
disorders to cancer.
Alarm has been growing for more than a decade. Scores of
lawsuits have been filed by residents of Texas, New York,
California and Louisiana, forcing utilities to delay, reroute and
sometimes abandon construction of power lines. Seven states have
set limits for the strength of electric fields created along
power-line paths; Florida has also adopted a standard for magnetic
fields. Fremont, Calif., requires that potential buyers of new
homes adjacent to overhead lines be warned of possible health
risks. Last month in Florida a judge declared that pupils of
Sandpiper Shores Elementary School near Boca Raton could not play
in a major portion of the schoolyard because of nearby power
cables.
Similar concerns have arisen in other nations as well. To calm
public protest, a Canadian utility proposed buying all the homes
along a 90-mile power line that is under construction. But
residents became so upset that the government ordered a halt to
work on a segment of the line. Fears were further heightened last
month when The New Yorker magazine published a series on "The
Hazards of Electromagnetic Fields." Author Paul Brodeur charged
utility companies and public health officials with trying to gloss
over the threat to health posed by power lines and computer
terminals.
The concerns have some justification. Last month the U.S.
Office of Technology Assessment issued a report concluding that
power lines are a legitimate health issue. More troubling, it
suggested that household wiring, appliances like toasters and
electric blankets, and such items as TV sets and computer
terminals, all of which create electromagnetic fields, might also
have an impact on health.
Even so, the evidence that electric currents can be damaging
is far from conclusive, scientists agree. Some epidemiological
studies indicate a higher than normal incidence of cancer,
including leukemia and brain tumors, among children and adults
living or working close to power lines. A study in California found
that pregnant women who worked on video-display terminals for 20
hours or more a week had twice the risk of miscarrying as other
clerical workers. Such findings are suggestive, but the researchers
admit that their work does not establish a direct cause-effect
relationship.
Laboratory experiments have shown that electric and magnetic
fields can exert an influence on biological processes. Cells
naturally maintain an electric charge across their membranes that
is essential to the normal functioning of human tissues. In cell
cultures, exposure to electromagnetic fields can affect the flow
of chemicals across membranes, interfere with synthesis of genetic
material, alter the activity of hormones and other chemicals, and
change the behavior of cancer cells. Studies with mice show
disruptions in eating, breathing and sleeping patterns. An
experiment with human volunteers who were exposed to
electromagnetic fields found they experienced a reduced heart rate
and modified brain waves.
But all the studies so far have merely raised more questions.
For example, How exactly do electromagnetic fields produce the
alterations in cells? Are the changes temporary or permanent? Do
they reflect normal adjustment or a harmful effect? Equally
mystifying is what kind of exposure might constitute a danger. Is
five minutes in a high-intensity field worse than 24 hours in a
weak field? Says Imre Gyuk, manager of the electromagnetic program
at the Department of Energy: "We don't at present have a scientific
basis for regulatory action."
To resolve the issue, new studies are under way. If they show
that electric power is harmful, the effect could be devastating.
Appliances and electronic equipment would have to be redesigned,
many homes rewired and the nation's power-distribution system
overhauled. Lawsuits, already on the rise, would surge as citizens
filed claims to cover illness or property devaluation.
Faced with the present uncertainty, what should a person do?
Home buyers might want to consider whether electrical cables are
near a desired property, but experts do not advise people to sell
their homes to escape being close to power lines. Instead, some
easy, inexpensive changes make sense. Among them: use electric
blankets only to warm beds before retiring, place the electric
alarm clock across the room instead of by the bed and sit at least
ten feet away from the television set. Above all, avoid excessive
worrying. Until the verdict is in, the watchword is prudence, not
panic.